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+---
+title: "Extending built-in Django User with a Profile Model"
+date: 2023-04-24T19:28:40-03:00
+tags: ["django", "user", "python"]
+draft: false
+---
+
+The [user authentication](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.2/topics/auth/#user-authentication-in-django) system provided by Django is extremely powerful
+and handles most of the authentication (Am I who I say I am?) and authorization (Am I
+authorized to do what I want to do?) needs of an web project. User accounts, groups
+and permissions, methods for handling passwords securely are part of this system.
+
+Generally, this is adequate for most projects; however, there are situations where it becomes necessary to modify the behavior of a **User** or alter how their data is stored in the database. It should be noted that modifying the authorization and/or authentication process of a **User** will not be covered in this post.
+
+# Extending with an extra Model
+
+The simplest way to extend your **User** is to create a new model with a
+[OneToOneField](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.2/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.OneToOneField) relation to the default **User** model. This
+model will contain all extra fields that extends your **User**.
+
+If we are satisfied by the default of Django **User** model and just want
+to add extra fields (like a user profile), this is the easiest and simpler
+solution.
+
+As an example, to create a user profile storing the date of birth and phone
+number of a **User** we could use the model:
+
+{{}}
+# myproject/userprofile/models.py
+from django.db import models
+
+class Profile(models.Model):
+ user = models.OneToOneField(
+ "auth.User", on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="profile"
+ )
+ date_of_birth = models.DateField(null=True)
+ phone_number = models.CharField(max_length=32, blank=True)
+
+ def __str__(self):
+ return f"Profile of '{self.user.username}'"
+{{}}
+
+However there are some caveats with this approach that we need to keep in mind
+to avoid unexpected issues such as:
+
+- A **new table** is created, so retrieving data from both tables will
+ require more queries;
+ - The use of the [select_related](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.2/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.select_related) function can
+ resolve performance issues caused by the new table. However, if we overlook this aspect, we may encounter unforeseen problems;
+- A **Profile** instance is not created automatically when you create a new **User**.
+ We can solve this with a [post_save](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.2/ref/signals/#post-save) signal handler;
+ - When multiple users are created simultaneously using the [bulk_create](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.2/ref/models/querysets/#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.bulk_create) method, [post_save](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.2/ref/signals/#post-save) is not triggered, which may result in users being created without a **Profile**.
+- We need to do some extra work if we want to have these fields added to the
+ **User** details in Django Admin
+
+To create a new **Profile** when a new **User** is created we need
+to catch [post_save](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.2/ref/signals/#post-save)
+signal:
+
+{{}}
+# myproject/userprofile/signals.py
+from django.db.models.signals import post_save
+from django.dispatch import receiver
+from django.contrib.auth.models import User
+
+from userprofile.models import Profile
+
+@receiver(post_save, sender=User)
+def create_user_profile(sender, instance, created, *args, **kwargs):
+ # Ensure that we are creating an user instance, not updating it
+ if created:
+ Profile.objects.create(user=instance)
+{{}}
+
+{{}}
+# myproject/userprofile/apps.py
+from django.apps import AppConfig
+
+class UserprofileConfig(AppConfig):
+ default_auto_field = "django.db.models.BigAutoField"
+ name = "userprofile"
+
+ def ready(self):
+ # Register your signal here, so it will be imported once
+ # when the app is ready
+ from userprofile import signals # noqa
+{{}}
+
+Running the application, we will ensure that every time we create
+a new **User**, a related **Profile** will be created as well:
+
+{{}}
+In [1]: from django.contrib.auth.models import User
+ ...: from userprofile.models import Profile
+
+In [2]: Profile.objects.all()
+Out[2]:
+
+In [3]: user = User.objects.create(username="myuser", email="email@myuser.com")
+
+In [4]: Profile.objects.all()
+Out[4]: ]>
+{{}}
+
+As mentioned before, when creating instances in bulk, the signal will
+not be emited, so the **Profile** will not be automatically created:
+
+{{}}
+In [5]: users = User.objects.bulk_create(
+ ...: [
+ ...: User(username="First user", email="user1@user1.com"),
+ ...: User(username="Second user", email="user2@user2.com"),
+ ...: ]
+ ...: )
+
+In [6]: users
+Out[6]: [, ]
+
+In [7]: Profile.objects.all()
+Out[7]: ]>
+{{}}
+
+One limitation of this approach is that we are not allowed to have
+required fields in the user profile without providing a default
+value.
+
+As an example, if we require that `date_of_birth` is mandatory and
+our **Profile** model is like the following:
+
+{{}}
+# myproject/userprofile/models.py
+from django.db import models
+
+class Profile(models.Model):
+ user = models.OneToOneField(
+ "auth.User", on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="profile"
+ )
+ date_of_birth = models.DateField() # date_of_birth IS REQUIRED
+ phone_number = models.CharField(max_length=32, blank=True)
+
+ def __str__(self):
+ return f"Profile of '{self.user.username}'"
+{{}}
+
+When creating a new user, our [post_save](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.2/ref/signals/#post-save) handler will fail:
+
+{{}}
+In [1]: from django.contrib.auth.models import User
+ ...: from userprofile.models import Profile
+
+In [2]: user = User.objects.create(username="myuser", email="email@myuser.com")
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+IntegrityError Traceback (most recent call last)
+(...)
+IntegrityError: NOT NULL constraint failed: userprofile_profile.date_of_birth
+{{}}
+
+Keeping in mind these caveats, extending the **User** model through
+this method is a simple and efficient solution that can meet the
+needs of many web applications.