diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f288702 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE @@ -0,0 +1,674 @@ + GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE + Version 3, 29 June 2007 + + Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies + of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. + + Preamble + + The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for +software and other kinds of works. + + The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed +to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, +the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to +share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free +software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the +GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to +any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it to +your programs, too. + + When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not +price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you +have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for +them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you +want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new +free programs, and that you know you can do these things. + + To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you +these rights or asking you to surrender the rights. Therefore, you have +certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if +you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others. + + For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether +gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same +freedoms that you received. You must make sure that they, too, receive +or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they +know their rights. + + Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps: +(1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License +giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it. + + For the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains +that there is no warranty for this free software. For both users' and +authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as +changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to +authors of previous versions. + + Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run +modified versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer +can do so. This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim of +protecting users' freedom to change the software. The systematic +pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals to +use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable. Therefore, we +have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the practice for those +products. If such problems arise substantially in other domains, we +stand ready to extend this provision to those domains in future versions +of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users. + + Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents. +States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of +software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to +avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could +make it effectively proprietary. To prevent this, the GPL assures that +patents cannot be used to render the program non-free. + + The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and +modification follow. + + TERMS AND CONDITIONS + + 0. Definitions. + + "This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License. + + "Copyright" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of +works, such as semiconductor masks. + + "The Program" refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this +License. Each licensee is addressed as "you". "Licensees" and +"recipients" may be individuals or organizations. + + To "modify" a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work +in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the making of an +exact copy. The resulting work is called a "modified version" of the +earlier work or a work "based on" the earlier work. + + A "covered work" means either the unmodified Program or a work based +on the Program. + + To "propagate" a work means to do anything with it that, without +permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for +infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a +computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying, +distribution (with or without modification), making available to the +public, and in some countries other activities as well. + + To "convey" a work means any kind of propagation that enables other +parties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user through +a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not conveying. + + An interactive user interface displays "Appropriate Legal Notices" +to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible +feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2) +tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the +extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the +work under this License, and how to view a copy of this License. If +the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a +menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion. + + 1. Source Code. + + The "source code" for a work means the preferred form of the work +for making modifications to it. "Object code" means any non-source +form of a work. + + A "Standard Interface" means an interface that either is an official +standard defined by a recognized standards body, or, in the case of +interfaces specified for a particular programming language, one that +is widely used among developers working in that language. + + The "System Libraries" of an executable work include anything, other +than the work as a whole, that (a) is included in the normal form of +packaging a Major Component, but which is not part of that Major +Component, and (b) serves only to enable use of the work with that +Major Component, or to implement a Standard Interface for which an +implementation is available to the public in source code form. A +"Major Component", in this context, means a major essential component +(kernel, window system, and so on) of the specific operating system +(if any) on which the executable work runs, or a compiler used to +produce the work, or an object code interpreter used to run it. + + The "Corresponding Source" for a work in object code form means all +the source code needed to generate, install, and (for an executable +work) run the object code and to modify the work, including scripts to +control those activities. However, it does not include the work's +System Libraries, or general-purpose tools or generally available free +programs which are used unmodified in performing those activities but +which are not part of the work. For example, Corresponding Source +includes interface definition files associated with source files for +the work, and the source code for shared libraries and dynamically +linked subprograms that the work is specifically designed to require, +such as by intimate data communication or control flow between those +subprograms and other parts of the work. + + The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users +can regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding +Source. + + The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that +same work. + + 2. Basic Permissions. + + All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of +copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated +conditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited +permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running a +covered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its +content, constitutes a covered work. This License acknowledges your +rights of fair use or other equivalent, as provided by copyright law. + + You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not +convey, without conditions so long as your license otherwise remains +in force. You may convey covered works to others for the sole purpose +of having them make modifications exclusively for you, or provide you +with facilities for running those works, provided that you comply with +the terms of this License in conveying all material for which you do +not control copyright. Those thus making or running the covered works +for you must do so exclusively on your behalf, under your direction +and control, on terms that prohibit them from making any copies of +your copyrighted material outside their relationship with you. + + Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under +the conditions stated below. Sublicensing is not allowed; section 10 +makes it unnecessary. + + 3. Protecting Users' Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law. + + No covered work shall be deemed part of an effective technological +measure under any applicable law fulfilling obligations under article +11 of the WIPO copyright treaty adopted on 20 December 1996, or +similar laws prohibiting or restricting circumvention of such +measures. + + When you convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid +circumvention of technological measures to the extent such circumvention +is effected by exercising rights under this License with respect to +the covered work, and you disclaim any intention to limit operation or +modification of the work as a means of enforcing, against the work's +users, your or third parties' legal rights to forbid circumvention of +technological measures. + + 4. Conveying Verbatim Copies. + + You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you +receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and +appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice; +keep intact all notices stating that this License and any +non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the code; +keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give all +recipients a copy of this License along with the Program. + + You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey, +and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee. + + 5. Conveying Modified Source Versions. + + You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to +produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the +terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: + + a) The work must carry prominent notices stating that you modified + it, and giving a relevant date. + + b) The work must carry prominent notices stating that it is + released under this License and any conditions added under section + 7. This requirement modifies the requirement in section 4 to + "keep intact all notices". + + c) You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this + License to anyone who comes into possession of a copy. This + License will therefore apply, along with any applicable section 7 + additional terms, to the whole of the work, and all its parts, + regardless of how they are packaged. This License gives no + permission to license the work in any other way, but it does not + invalidate such permission if you have separately received it. + + d) If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display + Appropriate Legal Notices; however, if the Program has interactive + interfaces that do not display Appropriate Legal Notices, your + work need not make them do so. + + A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent +works, which are not by their nature extensions of the covered work, +and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger program, +in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an +"aggregate" if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not +used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation's users +beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered work +in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other +parts of the aggregate. + + 6. Conveying Non-Source Forms. + + You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms +of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the +machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this License, +in one of these ways: + + a) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product + (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the + Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium + customarily used for software interchange. + + b) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product + (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a + written offer, valid for at least three years and valid for as + long as you offer spare parts or customer support for that product + model, to give anyone who possesses the object code either (1) a + copy of the Corresponding Source for all the software in the + product that is covered by this License, on a durable physical + medium customarily used for software interchange, for a price no + more than your reasonable cost of physically performing this + conveying of source, or (2) access to copy the + Corresponding Source from a network server at no charge. + + c) Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of the + written offer to provide the Corresponding Source. This + alternative is allowed only occasionally and noncommercially, and + only if you received the object code with such an offer, in accord + with subsection 6b. + + d) Convey the object code by offering access from a designated + place (gratis or for a charge), and offer equivalent access to the + Corresponding Source in the same way through the same place at no + further charge. You need not require recipients to copy the + Corresponding Source along with the object code. If the place to + copy the object code is a network server, the Corresponding Source + may be on a different server (operated by you or a third party) + that supports equivalent copying facilities, provided you maintain + clear directions next to the object code saying where to find the + Corresponding Source. Regardless of what server hosts the + Corresponding Source, you remain obligated to ensure that it is + available for as long as needed to satisfy these requirements. + + e) Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided + you inform other peers where the object code and Corresponding + Source of the work are being offered to the general public at no + charge under subsection 6d. + + A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded +from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be +included in conveying the object code work. + + A "User Product" is either (1) a "consumer product", which means any +tangible personal property which is normally used for personal, family, +or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for incorporation +into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a consumer product, +doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular +product received by a particular user, "normally used" refers to a +typical or common use of that class of product, regardless of the status +of the particular user or of the way in which the particular user +actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the product. A product +is a consumer product regardless of whether the product has substantial +commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent +the only significant mode of use of the product. + + "Installation Information" for a User Product means any methods, +procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install +and execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from +a modified version of its Corresponding Source. The information must +suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified object +code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because +modification has been made. + + If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or +specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as +part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the +User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a +fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the +Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied +by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply +if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install +modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has +been installed in ROM). + + The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a +requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates +for a work that has been modified or installed by the recipient, or for +the User Product in which it has been modified or installed. Access to a +network may be denied when the modification itself materially and +adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the rules and +protocols for communication across the network. + + Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided, +in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly +documented (and with an implementation available to the public in +source code form), and must require no special password or key for +unpacking, reading or copying. + + 7. Additional Terms. + + "Additional permissions" are terms that supplement the terms of this +License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions. +Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall +be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent +that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions +apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately +under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by +this License without regard to the additional permissions. + + When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option +remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of +it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own +removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place +additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work, +for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission. + + Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you +add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of +that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms: + + a) Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the + terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or + + b) Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or + author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal + Notices displayed by works containing it; or + + c) Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or + requiring that modified versions of such material be marked in + reasonable ways as different from the original version; or + + d) Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors or + authors of the material; or + + e) Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some + trade names, trademarks, or service marks; or + + f) Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that + material by anyone who conveys the material (or modified versions of + it) with contractual assumptions of liability to the recipient, for + any liability that these contractual assumptions directly impose on + those licensors and authors. + + All other non-permissive additional terms are considered "further +restrictions" within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you +received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is +governed by this License along with a term that is a further +restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains +a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this +License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms +of that license document, provided that the further restriction does +not survive such relicensing or conveying. + + If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you +must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the +additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating +where to find the applicable terms. + + Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the +form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions; +the above requirements apply either way. + + 8. Termination. + + You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly +provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or +modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under +this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third +paragraph of section 11). + + However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your +license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) +provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and +finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright +holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means +prior to 60 days after the cessation. + + Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is +reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the +violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have +received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that +copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after +your receipt of the notice. + + Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the +licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under +this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently +reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same +material under section 10. + + 9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies. + + You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or +run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work +occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission +to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However, +nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or +modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do +not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a +covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so. + + 10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients. + + Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically +receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and +propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible +for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License. + + An "entity transaction" is a transaction transferring control of an +organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an +organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered +work results from an entity transaction, each party to that +transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever +licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could +give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the +Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if +the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts. + + You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the +rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may +not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of +rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation +(including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that +any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for +sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it. + + 11. Patents. + + A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this +License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The +work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor version". + + A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims +owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or +hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted +by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, +but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a +consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For +purposes of this definition, "control" includes the right to grant +patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of +this License. + + Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free +patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to +make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and +propagate the contents of its contributor version. + + In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any express +agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent +(such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to +sue for patent infringement). To "grant" such a patent license to a +party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a +patent against the party. + + If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, +and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone +to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a +publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, +then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so +available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the +patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner +consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent +license to downstream recipients. "Knowingly relying" means you have +actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the +covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work +in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that +country that you have reason to believe are valid. + + If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or +arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a +covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties +receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify +or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license +you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered +work and works based on it. + + A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within +the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is +conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are +specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered +work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is +in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment +to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying +the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the +parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory +patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work +conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily +for and in connection with specific products or compilations that +contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, +or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007. + + Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting +any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may +otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law. + + 12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom. + + If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or +otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not +excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a +covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this +License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may +not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you +to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey +the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this +License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program. + + 13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License. + + Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have +permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed +under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single +combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this +License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, +but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, +section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the +combination as such. + + 14. Revised Versions of this License. + + The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of +the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will +be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to +address new problems or concerns. + + Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the +Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General +Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the +option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered +version or of any later version published by the Free Software +Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the +GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published +by the Free Software Foundation. + + If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future +versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's +public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you +to choose that version for the Program. + + Later license versions may give you additional or different +permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any +author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a +later version. + + 15. Disclaimer of Warranty. + + THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY +APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT +HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY +OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, +THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR +PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM +IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF +ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. + + 16. Limitation of Liability. + + IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING +WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS +THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY +GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE +USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF +DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD +PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), +EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +SUCH DAMAGES. + + 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16. + + If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided +above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, +reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates +an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the +Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a +copy of the Program in return for a fee. + + END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS + + How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs + + If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest +possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it +free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. + + To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest +to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively +state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least +the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. + + + Copyright (C) + + This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify + it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, + but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the + GNU General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program. If not, see . + +Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. + + If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short +notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: + + Copyright (C) + This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. + This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it + under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. + +The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate +parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands +might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box". + + You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, +if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. +For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see +. + + The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program +into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you +may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with +the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General +Public License instead of this License. But first, please read +. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c0116e --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +# Raspando Dados Da Internet Com Python +## Python Brasil 2023 - 31 / 10 / 2023 + +## Sobre o tutorial + +A informação é abundante e está facilmente disponível na Internet. No entanto, a enorme quantidade de dados pode +ser esmagadora e demorada para navegar. É aí que entra a raspagem de dados - uma ferramenta poderosa usada para +extrair dados de sites e transformá-los em um formato utilizável. + +Neste tutorial, exploraremos os fundamentos de raspagem de dados e como implementá-los usando Scrapy (um +framework Python). Quer você seja um analista de dados, programador ou pesquisador, este tutorial irá +equipá-lo com as habilidades fundamentais necessárias para criar seu próprio raspador e extrair informações +valiosas de sites. + +## Antes do tutorial + +Clone este repositório para ter acesso à apresentação e também à solução do código dos exercícios sugeridos: +https://github.com/rennerocha/europython-2023-gathering-data-tutorial + +Durante o tutorial espera-se que você tente resolver alguns pequenos exercícios usando +[Scrapy](https://scrapy.org), um framework de web scraping. Será a única biblioteca necessária para ser instalada +(quaisquer outras dependências deverão ser instaladas junto com ela). + +Siga o [guia de instalação do Scrapy](https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/intro/install.html) de acordo com sua +plataforma e certifique-se de que você consegue executar a `versão do scrapy` em seu terminal e veja +`Scrapy 2.11.0` como resultado (sem erros). + +Na plataforma Linux sugiro a utilização de um ambiente virtual. Se tudo estiver certo, só será necessário executar alguns +comandos para ter tudo funcionando e pronto para utilização: + +``` +$ git clone https://github.com/rennerocha/pybr2023-tutorial.git tutorial +$ cd tutorial +$ python3 -m venv .venv +$ source .venv/bin/activate +$ cd code +$ python -m pip install -r requirements +``` diff --git a/code/ep2023-scrapy.py b/code/ep2023-scrapy.py deleted file mode 100644 index 5a6597b..0000000 --- a/code/ep2023-scrapy.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14 +0,0 @@ -import scrapy - - -class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): - name = "europython" - - start_urls = [ - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials", - ] - - def parse(self, response): - for session in response.css("h2 a::text").getall(): - yield {"title": session} diff --git a/code/groups-scrapy.py b/code/groups-scrapy.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..373e49d --- /dev/null +++ b/code/groups-scrapy.py @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +import scrapy + + +class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider): + name = "pythongroups" + + start_urls = [ + "http://python.org.br", + ] + + def parse(self, response): + groups = response.css('.card') + for group in groups: + yield { + "name": group.css('h4::text').get(), + "links": group.css('a::attr(href)').getall(), + } diff --git a/code/monitoring/monitoring/.settings.py.swp b/code/monitoring/monitoring/.settings.py.swp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b263b54 Binary files /dev/null and b/code/monitoring/monitoring/.settings.py.swp differ diff --git a/code/monitoring/monitoring/settings.py b/code/monitoring/monitoring/settings.py index 553d552..9970a4c 100644 --- a/code/monitoring/monitoring/settings.py +++ b/code/monitoring/monitoring/settings.py @@ -93,14 +93,14 @@ TWISTED_REACTOR = "twisted.internet.asyncioreactor.AsyncioSelectorReactor" FEED_EXPORT_ENCODING = "utf-8" # Monitoring -# SPIDERMON_ENABLED = True +SPIDERMON_ENABLED = True -# EXTENSIONS = { -# "spidermon.contrib.scrapy.extensions.Spidermon": 500, -# } +EXTENSIONS = { + "spidermon.contrib.scrapy.extensions.Spidermon": 500, +} -# SPIDERMON_SPIDER_CLOSE_MONITORS = ("monitoring.monitors.SpiderCloseMonitorSuite",) +SPIDERMON_SPIDER_CLOSE_MONITORS = ("monitoring.monitors.SpiderCloseMonitorSuite",) -# SPIDERMON_REPORT_TEMPLATE = "reports/email/monitors/result.jinja" -# SPIDERMON_REPORT_CONTEXT = {"report_title": "Spidermon File Report"} -# SPIDERMON_REPORT_FILENAME = "my_report.html" +SPIDERMON_REPORT_TEMPLATE = "reports/email/monitors/result.jinja" +SPIDERMON_REPORT_CONTEXT = {"report_title": "Spidermon File Report"} +SPIDERMON_REPORT_FILENAME = "my_report.html" diff --git a/code/parsing-css.py b/code/parsing-css.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..373e49d --- /dev/null +++ b/code/parsing-css.py @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +import scrapy + + +class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider): + name = "pythongroups" + + start_urls = [ + "http://python.org.br", + ] + + def parse(self, response): + groups = response.css('.card') + for group in groups: + yield { + "name": group.css('h4::text').get(), + "links": group.css('a::attr(href)').getall(), + } diff --git a/code/parsing-data-css.py b/code/parsing-data-css.py deleted file mode 100644 index e0aa289..0000000 --- a/code/parsing-data-css.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,18 +0,0 @@ -import scrapy - - -class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): - name = "europython" - - start_urls = [ - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials", - ] - - def parse(self, response): - sessions = response.css(".mt-12") - for session in sessions: - yield { - "title": session.css("h2 a::text").get(), - "presenter": session.css("p a::text").get(), - } diff --git a/code/parsing-data-mixed.py b/code/parsing-data-mixed.py deleted file mode 100644 index e0cc706..0000000 --- a/code/parsing-data-mixed.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,18 +0,0 @@ -import scrapy - - -class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): - name = "europython" - - start_urls = [ - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials", - ] - - def parse(self, response): - sessions = response.css(".mt-12") - for session in sessions: - yield { - "title": session.xpath("./h2/a/text()").get(), - "presenter": session.xpath("./p/a/text()").get(), - } diff --git a/code/parsing-data-xpath.py b/code/parsing-data-xpath.py deleted file mode 100644 index 9b7897a..0000000 --- a/code/parsing-data-xpath.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,18 +0,0 @@ -import scrapy - - -class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): - name = "europython" - - start_urls = [ - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials", - ] - - def parse(self, response): - sessions = response.xpath("//div[contains(@class, 'mt-12')]") - for session in sessions: - yield { - "title": session.xpath("./h2/a/text()").get(), - "presenter": session.xpath("./p/a/text()").get(), - } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/code/parsing-mix.py b/code/parsing-mix.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a014e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/code/parsing-mix.py @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +import scrapy + + +class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider): + name = "pythongroups" + + start_urls = [ + "http://python.org.br", + ] + + def parse(self, response): + groups = response.css('.card') + for group in groups: + yield { + "name": group.xpath('.//h4/text()').get(), + "links": group.xpath('.//a/@href').getall(), + } diff --git a/code/parsing-xpath.py b/code/parsing-xpath.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..387f056 --- /dev/null +++ b/code/parsing-xpath.py @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +import scrapy + + +class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider): + name = "pythongroups" + + start_urls = [ + "http://python.org.br", + ] + + def parse(self, response): + groups = response.xpath('//div[contains(@class, "card")]') + for group in groups: + yield { + "name": group.xpath('.//h4/text()').get(), + "links": group.xpath('.//a/@href').getall(), + } diff --git a/presentation/presentation.html b/presentation/presentation.html index d6b9f8f..fea41d9 100644 --- a/presentation/presentation.html +++ b/presentation/presentation.html @@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class: center middle # Grupos de Usuários Python no Brasil -``` python +```python # code/groups-requests.py import requests from parsel import Selector @@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ for url in start_urls: # Grupos de Usuários Python no Brasil -``` +```bash $ python groups-requests.py PythonOnRio PyTche @@ -191,21 +191,21 @@ https://scrapy.org/ # Instalação (Linux) -``` -$ git clone git@github.com:rennerocha/pybr-2023-tutorial.git pybr2023-tutorial -$ cd pybr2023-tutorial +```bash +$ git clone https://github.com/rennerocha/pybr2023-tutorial.git tutorial +$ cd tutorial $ python3 -m venv .venv $ source .venv/bin/activate $ cd code -$ pip install -r requirements +$ python -m pip install -r requirements -(...) Várias linhas instalando várias coisas +(...) Várias linhas instalando bibliotecas... $ scrapy version Scrapy 2.11.0 ``` -https://github.com/rennerocha/pybr-2023-tutorial +https://github.com/rennerocha/pybr2023-tutorial --- @@ -230,20 +230,23 @@ Definem as regras de execução do seu raspador # Spiders ```python -# code/ep2023.py +# code/groups-scrapy.py import scrapy -class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): - name = "europython" +class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider): + name = "pythongroups" start_urls = [ - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials", + "http://python.org.br", ] def parse(self, response): - for session in response.css("h2 a::text").getall(): - yield {"title": session} + groups = response.css('.card') + for group in groups: + yield { + "name": group.css('h4::text').get(), + "links": group.css('a::attr(href)').getall(), + } ``` --- @@ -251,20 +254,23 @@ class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): # Spiders ```python -# code/ep2023.py +# code/groups-scrapy.py import scrapy -*class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): - name = "europython" +*class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider): + name = "pythongroups" start_urls = [ - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials", + "http://python.org.br", ] def parse(self, response): - for session in response.css("h2 a::text").getall(): - yield {"title": session} + groups = response.css('.card') + for group in groups: + yield { + "name": group.css('h4::text').get(), + "links": group.css('a::attr(href)').getall(), + } ``` --- @@ -272,20 +278,23 @@ import scrapy # Spiders ```python -# code/ep2023.py +# code/groups-scrapy.py import scrapy -class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): -* name = "europython" +class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider): +* name = "pythongroups" start_urls = [ - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials", + "http://python.org.br", ] def parse(self, response): - for session in response.css("h2 a::text").getall(): - yield {"title": session} + groups = response.css('.card') + for group in groups: + yield { + "name": group.css('h4::text').get(), + "links": group.css('a::attr(href)').getall(), + } ``` --- @@ -293,20 +302,23 @@ class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): # Spiders ```python -# code/ep2023.py +# code/groups-scrapy.py import scrapy -class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): - name = "europython" +class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider): + name = "pythongroups" * start_urls = [ -* "https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", -* "https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials", +* "http://python.org.br", * ] def parse(self, response): - for session in response.css("h2 a::text").getall(): - yield {"title": session} + groups = response.css('.card') + for group in groups: + yield { + "name": group.css('h4::text').get(), + "links": group.css('a::attr(href)').getall(), + } ``` --- @@ -314,23 +326,26 @@ class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): # Spiders ```python -# code/ep2023.py +# code/groups-scrapy.py import scrapy -class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): - name = "europython" +class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider): + name = "pythongroups" * def start_requests(self): * initial_urls = [ -* "https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", -* "https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials", +* "http://python.org.br", * ] * for url in initial_urls: * yield scrapy.Request(url) def parse(self, response): - for session in response.css("h2 a::text").getall(): - yield {"title": session} + groups = response.css('.card') + for group in groups: + yield { + "name": group.css('h4::text').get(), + "links": group.css('a::attr(href)').getall(), + } ``` --- @@ -338,107 +353,67 @@ class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): # Spiders ```python -# code/ep2023.py +# code/groups-scrapy.py import scrapy -class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): - name = "europython" +class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider): + name = "pythongroups" start_urls = [ - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials", + "http://python.org.br", ] * def parse(self, response): -* for session in response.css("h2 a::text").getall(): -* yield {"title": session} +* groups = response.css('.card') +* for group in groups: +* yield { +* "name": group.css('h4::text').get(), +* "links": group.css('a::attr(href)').getall(), +* } ``` --- class: center, middle -# Running the spider +# Executando o Spider --- - -``` -$ scrapy runspider ep2023-scrapy.py -2023-06-28 20:26:47 [scrapy.utils.log] INFO: Scrapy 2.9.0 started (bot: scrapybot) -2023-06-28 20:26:47 [scrapy.utils.log] INFO: Versions: lxml 4.9.2.0, libxml2 2.9.14, cssselect 1.2.0, parsel 1.8.1, w3lib 2.1.1, Twisted 22.10.0, Python 3.11.3 (main, May 30 2023, 17:18:52) [GCC 11.3.0], pyOpenSSL 23.2.0 (OpenSSL 3.1.1 30 May 2023), cryptography 41.0.1, Platform Linux-5.15.0-75-generic-x86_64-with-glibc2.35 -2023-06-28 20:26:47 [scrapy.crawler] INFO: Overridden settings: -{'HTTPCACHE_ENABLED': '0', 'SPIDER_LOADER_WARN_ONLY': True} +```bash +$ scrapy runspider groups-scrapy.py +2023-10-23 20:10:47 [scrapy.utils.log] INFO: Scrapy 2.11.0 started (bot: scrapybot) +2023-10-23 20:10:47 [scrapy.utils.log] INFO: Versions: lxml 4.9.3.0, libxml2 2.10.3, cssselect 1.2.0, parsel 1.8.1, w3lib 2.1.2, Twisted 22.10.0, Python 3.10.10 (main, Feb 13 2023, 17:33:01) [GCC 11.3.0], pyOpenSSL 23.2.0 (OpenSSL 3.1.3 19 Sep 2023), cryptography 41.0.4, Platform Linux-5.15.0-87-generic-x86_64-with-glibc2.35 +2023-10-23 20:10:47 [scrapy.addons] INFO: Enabled addons: +[] (...) -2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Spider opened -2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.extensions.logstats] INFO: Crawled 0 pages (at 0 pages/min), scraped 0 items (at 0 items/min) -2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.extensions.telnet] INFO: Telnet console listening on 127.0.0.1:6023 -2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.core.engine] DEBUG: Crawled (200) (referer: None) -2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.core.engine] DEBUG: Crawled (200) (referer: None) -2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions> -{'title': 'The CPU in your browser: WebAssembly demystified'} -2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions> -{'title': 'GraphQL as an umbrella for microservices'} -2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials> -{'title': 'Food For Rabbits: Celery From Zero to Hero'} -2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions> -{'title': 'Asyncio without Asyncio'} -2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials> -{'title': 'Develop your Python cloud applications offline with LocalStack'} +2023-10-23 20:10:47 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Spider opened +2023-10-23 20:10:47 [scrapy.extensions.logstats] INFO: Crawled 0 pages (at 0 pages/min), scraped 0 items (at 0 items/min) +2023-10-23 20:10:47 [scrapy.extensions.telnet] INFO: Telnet console listening on 127.0.0.1:6023 +2023-10-23 20:37:01 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 http://python.org.br> +{'name': 'PythonOnRio', 'links': ['http://pythonrio.python.org.br/', 'https://www.facebook.com/pythonrio', 'https://t.me/PythonRio', 'https://twitter.com/pythonrio', 'https://br.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/pythonrio/info']} +2023-10-23 20:37:01 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 http://python.org.br> +{'name': 'PyTche', 'links': ['http://www.meetup.com/pt/PyTche/', 'https://telegram.me/pytche']} +2023-10-23 20:37:01 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 http://python.org.br> +{'name': 'GruPy-GO', 'links': ['https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/grupy-go', 'https://t.me/grupygo', 'https://github.com/Grupy-GO', 'https://www.facebook.com/groups/grupygo/']} (...) -2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Closing spider (finished) -2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.statscollectors] INFO: Dumping Scrapy stats: -2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Spider closed (finished) - -``` - ---- - -``` -$ scrapy runspider ep2023-scrapy.py -s HTTPCACHE_ENABLED=1 -2023-06-28 20:30:15 [scrapy.utils.log] INFO: Scrapy 2.9.0 started (bot: scrapybot) -2023-06-28 20:30:15 [scrapy.utils.log] INFO: Versions: lxml 4.9.2.0, libxml2 2.9.14, cssselect 1.2.0, parsel 1.8.1, w3lib 2.1.1, Twisted 22.10.0, Python 3.11.3 (main, May 30 2023, 17:18:52) [GCC 11.3.0], pyOpenSSL 23.2.0 (OpenSSL 3.1.1 30 May 2023), cryptography 41.0.1, Platform Linux-5.15.0-75-generic-x86_64-with-glibc2.35 -2023-06-28 20:30:15 [scrapy.crawler] INFO: Overridden settings: -{'HTTPCACHE_ENABLED': '1', 'SPIDER_LOADER_WARN_ONLY': True} - -(...) - -2023-06-28 20:30:16 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Spider opened -2023-06-28 20:30:16 [scrapy.extensions.logstats] INFO: Crawled 0 pages (at 0 pages/min), scraped 0 items (at 0 items/min) -2023-06-28 20:30:16 [scrapy.extensions.httpcache] DEBUG: Using filesystem cache storage in .scrapy/httpcache -2023-06-28 20:30:16 [scrapy.extensions.telnet] INFO: Telnet console listening on 127.0.0.1:6023 -2023-06-28 20:30:16 [scrapy.core.engine] DEBUG: Crawled (200) (referer: None) ['cached'] -2023-06-28 20:30:16 [scrapy.core.engine] DEBUG: Crawled (200) (referer: None) ['cached'] -2023-06-28 20:30:16 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions> -{'title': 'The CPU in your browser: WebAssembly demystified'} -2023-06-28 20:30:16 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions> -{'title': 'Writing a Python interpreter from scratch, in half an hour.'} -2023-06-28 20:30:16 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions> -{'title': 'Rust for Python data engineers'} - -(...) -``` - -``` -$ ls -la .scrapy -total 12 -drwxrwxr-x 3 renne renne 4096 jun 28 20:25 . -drwxrwxr-x 4 renne renne 4096 jun 28 20:25 .. -drwxrwxr-x 3 renne renne 4096 jun 28 20:25 httpcache +2023-10-23 20:10:47 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Closing spider (finished) +2023-10-23 20:10:47 [scrapy.statscollectors] INFO: Dumping Scrapy stats: +2023-10-23 20:10:47 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Spider closed (finished) ``` --- class: center, middle -# Parsing Data +# Extraindo Dados --- -# CSS Selectors +# Seletores CSS ### https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/selector.html # XPath @@ -446,116 +421,159 @@ class: center, middle --- -# Parsing Data +# Extraindo Dados ``` -# code/parsing-data-css.py +# code/parsing-css.py import scrapy -class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): - name = "europython" +class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider): + name = "pythongroups" start_urls = [ - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials", + "http://python.org.br", ] def parse(self, response): - sessions = response.css(".mt-12") - for session in sessions: + groups = response.css('.card') + for group in groups: yield { - "title": session.css("h2 a::text").get(), - "presenter": session.css("p a::text").get(), + "name": group.css('h4::text').get(), + "links": group.css('a::attr(href)').getall(), } ``` --- -# Parsing Data +# Extraindo Dados ``` -# code/parsing-data-css.py +# code/parsing-css.py import scrapy -class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): - name = "europython" +class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider): + name = "pythongroups" start_urls = [ - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials", + "http://python.org.br", ] def parse(self, response): -* sessions = response.css(".mt-12") - for session in sessions: +* groups = response.css('.card') + for group in groups: yield { -* "title": session.css("h2 a::text").get(), -* "presenter": session.css("p a::text").get(), +* "name": group.css('h4::text').get(), +* "links": group.css('a::attr(href)').getall(), } ``` -### CSS Selectors - --- -# Parsing Data +# Extraindo Dados ``` -# code/parsing-data-xpath.py +# code/parsing-xpath.py import scrapy -class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): - name = "europython" +class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider): + name = "pythongroups" start_urls = [ - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials", + "http://python.org.br", ] def parse(self, response): -* sessions = response.xpath("//div[contains(@class, 'mt-12')]") - for session in sessions: + groups = response.xpath('//div[contains(@class, "card")]') + for group in groups: yield { -* "title": session.xpath("./h2/a/text()").get(), -* "presenter": session.xpath("./p/a/text()").get(), + "name": group.xpath('.//h4/text()').get(), + "links": group.xpath('.//a/@href').getall(), } ``` -### XPath - --- -# Parsing Data + +# Extraindo Dados ``` -# code/parsing-data-mixed.py +# code/parsing-xpath.py import scrapy -class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): - name = "europython" +class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider): + name = "pythongroups" start_urls = [ - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", - "https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials", + "http://python.org.br", ] def parse(self, response): -* sessions = response.css(".mt-12") - for session in sessions: +* groups = response.xpath('//div[contains(@class, "card")]') + for group in groups: yield { -* "title": session.xpath("./h2/a/text()").get(), -* "presenter": session.xpath("./p/a/text()").get(), +* "name": group.xpath('.//h4/text()').get(), +* "links": group.xpath('.//a/@href').getall(), } ``` -### You are not limited to just one kind of selector +--- + +# Extraindo Dados + +``` +# code/parsing-mix.py +import scrapy + + +class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider): + name = "pythongroups" + + start_urls = [ + "http://python.org.br", + ] + + def parse(self, response): + groups = response.css('.card') + for group in groups: + yield { + "name": group.xpath('.//h4/text()').get(), + "links": group.xpath('.//a/@href').getall(), + } +``` --- -# CSS Selectors Examples +# Extraindo Dados + +``` +# code/parsing-mix.py +import scrapy + + +class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider): + name = "pythongroups" + + start_urls = [ + "http://python.org.br", + ] + + def parse(self, response): +* groups = response.css('.card') + for group in groups: + yield { +* "name": group.xpath('.//h4/text()').get(), +* "links": group.xpath('.//a/@href').getall(), + } +``` + +## Você pode usar vários tipos de seletores + +--- + +# Exemplos de seletores CSS ``` response.css("h1") @@ -583,7 +601,7 @@ response.css("ul#offers .product p::text") --- -# XPath Examples +# Exemplos de XPath ``` response.xpath("//h1") @@ -610,46 +628,48 @@ response.xpath("//li[@class='ad']/following-sibling::li") ``` --- -# Exporting Results +# Exportando os Resultados ``` -$ scrapy runspider ep2023-scrapy.py +$ scrapy runspider groups-scrapy.py +``` + +--- + +# Exportando os Resultados + +``` +$ scrapy runspider groups-scrapy.py +``` + +``` +$ scrapy runspider groups-scrapy.py -o results.csv ``` --- -# Exporting Results +# Exportando os Resultados ``` -$ scrapy runspider ep2023-scrapy.py +$ scrapy runspider groups-scrapy.py ``` ``` -$ scrapy runspider ep2023-scrapy.py -o results.csv -``` ---- -# Exporting Results - -``` -$ scrapy runspider ep2023-scrapy.py +$ scrapy runspider groups-scrapy.py -o results.csv ``` ``` -$ scrapy runspider ep2023-scrapy.py -o results.csv +$ scrapy runspider groups-scrapy.py -o results.json ``` ``` -$ scrapy runspider ep2023-scrapy.py -o results.json +$ scrapy runspider groups-scrapy.py -o results.jl ``` ``` -$ scrapy runspider ep2023-scrapy.py -o results.jl +$ scrapy runspider groups-scrapy.py -o results.xml ``` -``` -$ scrapy runspider ep2023-scrapy.py -o results.xml -``` - -### You can export in your own custom format if you like... +### Você pode exportar em um formato customizado se você preferir... https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/feed-exports.html#topics-feed-exports @@ -661,20 +681,22 @@ class: center, middle --- class: center, middle -We will use http://toscrape.com/, a sandbox containing fictional websites -with a simplified version of real world challenges we find during web scraping tasks. + +Nos próximos exercícios utilizaremos o conteúdo de http://toscrape.com/, que é um playground +com diversos desafios simplificados de problemas encontrados no mundo real para projetos +de raspagem de dados. --- -# Exercise 1 +# Exercício 1 -**Target:** https://quotes.toscrape.com/ +**Alvo:** https://quotes.toscrape.com/ -On this page, you will find a collection of quotes along with their respective authors. -Each quote is accompanied by a link that directs you to a dedicated page providing -additional details about the author, the quote itself, and a list of associated tags. +Nesta página, você irá encontrar uma coleção de citações junto com os seus respectivos +autores. Cada citação é acompanhada por um link que redirecion você a uma página dedicada +fornecendo detalhes adicionais do autor, a ciração e uma lista de tags associados. -Your task is to extract all of this information and export it into a JSON lines file. +Sua tarefa é extrair todas essas informações e exportá-la em um arquivo JSON. --- @@ -683,20 +705,20 @@ Your task is to extract all of this information and export it into a JSON lines --- -# Exercise 1 +# Exercício 1 -**Target:** https://quotes.toscrape.com/ +**Alvo:** https://quotes.toscrape.com/ -On this page, you will find a collection of quotes along with their respective authors. -Each quote is accompanied by a link that directs you to a dedicated page providing -additional details about the author, the quote itself, and a list of associated tags. +Nesta página, você irá encontrar uma coleção de citações junto com os seus respectivos +autores. Cada citação é acompanhada por um link que redirecion você a uma página dedicada +fornecendo detalhes adicionais do autor, a ciração e uma lista de tags associados. -Your task is to extract all of this information and export it into a JSON lines file. +Sua tarefa é extrair todas essas informações e exportá-la em um arquivo JSON. -**TIP**: your parse method can be used to yield items or schedule new requests for later processing. +**TIP**: seu método `parse` pode retornar items ou agendar novo requests para processamento futuro ``` -# if callback is not provided, the default is self.parse +# se o `callback` não é fornecido, o padrão é o método `parse` scrapy.Request("https://someurl.com", callback=self.parse_someurl) ``` --- @@ -925,23 +947,22 @@ class QuotesSpider(scrapy.Spider): ``` --- -# Exercise 2 +# Exercício 2 -**Target:** https://quotes.toscrape.com/scroll +**Alvo:** https://quotes.toscrape.com/scroll -There has been another modification to the layout. Our quotes page now features an infinite -scroll functionality, meaning that new content is dynamically loaded as you reach the bottom of the page. +Houve uma modificação no layout do site anterior. Agora, nossas citações aparecem em um +scroll infinito. O que significa que o novo conteúdo é carregado dinamicamente quando você +atinge a parte inferior da página. -**TIP**: To understand this behavior, open your browser and access our target page. Press **F12** to -open the developer tools and select the "_Network_" tab. Observe what occurs in the network requests -when you navigate to the end of the page. +**DICA**: Para compreender esse comportamento, abra o seu navegador e acesse nossa página alvo. +Em seguida pressione **F12** para abrir as ferramentas de desenvolvimento e seleciona a aba +"_Network_". Observe o que acontece nos requests quando vocÇe navega para o fim da página. --- - - --- @@ -1132,15 +1153,15 @@ class QuotesScrollSpider(scrapy.Spider): --- -# Exercise 3 +# Excercício 3 -**Target:** https://quotes.toscrape.com/js/ +**Alvo:** https://quotes.toscrape.com/js/ -The spider you created in the first exercise has ceased to function. Although no errors -are evident in the logs, the spider is not returning any data. +O spider que você criou no primeiro exercício parou de funcionar. Embora não apareça +nenhum erro nos logs, nenhum dado está sendo retornado. -**TIP**: To troubleshoot, open your browser and navigate to our target page. -Press **Ctrl+U** (_View Page Source_) to inspect the HTML content of the page. +**DICA**: iPara iniciar a investigação do problema, abra o seu navegador na página alvo. +Pressione **Ctrl+U** (_Ver código fonte_) para inspecionar o HTML da página. --- @@ -1305,14 +1326,15 @@ class QuotesJSSpider(scrapy.Spider): --- -# Exercise 4 +# Exercício 4 -**Target:** http://quotes.toscrape.com/search.aspx +**Alvo:** http://quotes.toscrape.com/search.aspx -This site is a bit different. We have two select boxes where we choose one -author, and then we can choose one tag that has a quote associate with them. +Este site é um pouco diferente. Nós temos duas caixas de seleção onde escolhemos +um autor, e então podemos selecionar uma tag que esteja associado com uma citação +do autor selecionado. -**TIP**: `scrapy.FormRequest` can be used for dealing with HTML forms. +**DICA**: `scrapy.FormRequest` pode ser usado para lidar com formulários HTML. ``` scrapy.FormRequest("https://someurl.com", formdata={"form_data": "value"}) @@ -1597,46 +1619,47 @@ class QuotesViewStateSpider(scrapy.Spider): ``` --- -# Monitoring +# Monitorando -- We need to ensure that we are extracting the data we need, so monitoring the execution of your spiders is crucial +- Precisamos garantir que estamos extraíndo os dados que precisamos, então monitorar a execução dos seus spiders é crucial -- Spidermon is a Scrapy extension that helps us to **monitor** our spiders and take **actions** based on the results of the execution of them +- Spidermon é uma extensão do Scrapy que te ajuda a **monitorar** nossos spiders e tomar **ações** baseadas nos resultados - https://spidermon.readthedocs.io/ --- class: center, middle -# Beyond the spiders + +# Além dos Spiders --- # Proxies -- Avoid IP bans and anti-bot services +- Evitam que seu IP seja banido e serviços anti-bot -- Large scale scraping +- Utilizados em raspagens de larga escala -- Access region-specific content +- Acesso a conteúdo limitado regionalmente - Datacenter vs residential vs mobile proxies -- Easily integrated with Scrapy using extensions +- Facilmente integrago com Scrapy com o use de extensões --- -# Headless browsers +# Navegadores Headless -- Primarily for accessing websites that heavily rely on Javascript-rendered content using frameworks like React, Vue, and Angular +- Usados principalmente em páginas que dependem pesadamente de conteúdo renderizado com Javascript usando frameworks como React, Vue e Angular -- Since it utilizes a real browser (even if it doesn't render the UI), web crawlers using headless browsers are typically slower and challenging to scale +- Como utilizam um navegador real (mesmo que não tenham um interface gráfica visível), raspadores utilizando navegadores headless geralmente são mais lentos e complicados de escalar -- Existing solutions are often designed for automated testing rather than web scraping +- As soluções existentes são desenvolvidas normalmente para testes automatizados e não para raspagem de dados --- -# Headless browsers +# Navegadores Headless - **Selenium** (https://www.selenium.dev/) @@ -1700,15 +1723,16 @@ class QuotesPlaywrightSpider(scrapy.Spider): --- -# What else you should worry? +# O que mais você precisa se preocupar? -- Be polite, don't scrape to fast that interfire in the target website operation -- Follow the terms of service of the website +- Seja educado. Não raspe tão rápido a ponto de interferir na operação do seu site alvo -- Be careful when scraping personal data +- Siga os termos de serviço da página -- Is it legal? +- Seja cuidadoso ao raspar dados pessoais + +- É ilegal? ---