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# Raspando Dados Da Internet Com Python
## Python Brasil 2023 - 31 / 10 / 2023
## Sobre o tutorial
A informação é abundante e está facilmente disponível na Internet. No entanto, a enorme quantidade de dados pode
ser esmagadora e demorada para navegar. É aí que entra a raspagem de dados - uma ferramenta poderosa usada para
extrair dados de sites e transformá-los em um formato utilizável.
Neste tutorial, exploraremos os fundamentos de raspagem de dados e como implementá-los usando Scrapy (um
framework Python). Quer você seja um analista de dados, programador ou pesquisador, este tutorial irá
equipá-lo com as habilidades fundamentais necessárias para criar seu próprio raspador e extrair informações
valiosas de sites.
## Antes do tutorial
Clone este repositório para ter acesso à apresentação e também à solução do código dos exercícios sugeridos:
https://github.com/rennerocha/europython-2023-gathering-data-tutorial
Durante o tutorial espera-se que você tente resolver alguns pequenos exercícios usando
[Scrapy](https://scrapy.org), um framework de web scraping. Será a única biblioteca necessária para ser instalada
(quaisquer outras dependências deverão ser instaladas junto com ela).
Siga o [guia de instalação do Scrapy](https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/intro/install.html) de acordo com sua
plataforma e certifique-se de que você consegue executar a `versão do scrapy` em seu terminal e veja
`Scrapy 2.11.0` como resultado (sem erros).
Na plataforma Linux sugiro a utilização de um ambiente virtual. Se tudo estiver certo, só será necessário executar alguns
comandos para ter tudo funcionando e pronto para utilização:
```
$ git clone https://github.com/rennerocha/pybr2023-tutorial.git tutorial
$ cd tutorial
$ python3 -m venv .venv
$ source .venv/bin/activate
$ cd code
$ python -m pip install -r requirements
```

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code/ep2023-scrapy.py
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@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
import scrapy
class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "europython"
start_urls = [
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions",
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials",
]
def parse(self, response):
for session in response.css("h2 a::text").getall():
yield {"title": session}

17
code/groups-scrapy.py Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
import scrapy
class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "pythongroups"
start_urls = [
"http://python.org.br",
]
def parse(self, response):
groups = response.css('.card')
for group in groups:
yield {
"name": group.css('h4::text').get(),
"links": group.css('a::attr(href)').getall(),
}

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16
code/monitoring/monitoring/settings.py
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@ -93,14 +93,14 @@ TWISTED_REACTOR = "twisted.internet.asyncioreactor.AsyncioSelectorReactor"
FEED_EXPORT_ENCODING = "utf-8" FEED_EXPORT_ENCODING = "utf-8"
# Monitoring # Monitoring
# SPIDERMON_ENABLED = True SPIDERMON_ENABLED = True
# EXTENSIONS = { EXTENSIONS = {
# "spidermon.contrib.scrapy.extensions.Spidermon": 500, "spidermon.contrib.scrapy.extensions.Spidermon": 500,
# } }
# SPIDERMON_SPIDER_CLOSE_MONITORS = ("monitoring.monitors.SpiderCloseMonitorSuite",) SPIDERMON_SPIDER_CLOSE_MONITORS = ("monitoring.monitors.SpiderCloseMonitorSuite",)
# SPIDERMON_REPORT_TEMPLATE = "reports/email/monitors/result.jinja" SPIDERMON_REPORT_TEMPLATE = "reports/email/monitors/result.jinja"
# SPIDERMON_REPORT_CONTEXT = {"report_title": "Spidermon File Report"} SPIDERMON_REPORT_CONTEXT = {"report_title": "Spidermon File Report"}
# SPIDERMON_REPORT_FILENAME = "my_report.html" SPIDERMON_REPORT_FILENAME = "my_report.html"

17
code/parsing-css.py Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
import scrapy
class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "pythongroups"
start_urls = [
"http://python.org.br",
]
def parse(self, response):
groups = response.css('.card')
for group in groups:
yield {
"name": group.css('h4::text').get(),
"links": group.css('a::attr(href)').getall(),
}

18
code/parsing-data-css.py
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@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
import scrapy
class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "europython"
start_urls = [
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions",
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials",
]
def parse(self, response):
sessions = response.css(".mt-12")
for session in sessions:
yield {
"title": session.css("h2 a::text").get(),
"presenter": session.css("p a::text").get(),
}

18
code/parsing-data-mixed.py
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@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
import scrapy
class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "europython"
start_urls = [
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions",
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials",
]
def parse(self, response):
sessions = response.css(".mt-12")
for session in sessions:
yield {
"title": session.xpath("./h2/a/text()").get(),
"presenter": session.xpath("./p/a/text()").get(),
}

18
code/parsing-data-xpath.py
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@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
import scrapy
class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "europython"
start_urls = [
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions",
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials",
]
def parse(self, response):
sessions = response.xpath("//div[contains(@class, 'mt-12')]")
for session in sessions:
yield {
"title": session.xpath("./h2/a/text()").get(),
"presenter": session.xpath("./p/a/text()").get(),
}

17
code/parsing-mix.py Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
import scrapy
class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "pythongroups"
start_urls = [
"http://python.org.br",
]
def parse(self, response):
groups = response.css('.card')
for group in groups:
yield {
"name": group.xpath('.//h4/text()').get(),
"links": group.xpath('.//a/@href').getall(),
}

17
code/parsing-xpath.py Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
import scrapy
class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "pythongroups"
start_urls = [
"http://python.org.br",
]
def parse(self, response):
groups = response.xpath('//div[contains(@class, "card")]')
for group in groups:
yield {
"name": group.xpath('.//h4/text()').get(),
"links": group.xpath('.//a/@href').getall(),
}

492
presentation/presentation.html
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@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class: center middle
# Grupos de Usuários Python no Brasil # Grupos de Usuários Python no Brasil
``` python ```python
# code/groups-requests.py # code/groups-requests.py
import requests import requests
from parsel import Selector from parsel import Selector
@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ for url in start_urls:
# Grupos de Usuários Python no Brasil # Grupos de Usuários Python no Brasil
``` ```bash
$ python groups-requests.py $ python groups-requests.py
PythonOnRio PythonOnRio
PyTche PyTche
@ -191,21 +191,21 @@ https://scrapy.org/
# Instalação (Linux) # Instalação (Linux)
``` ```bash
$ git clone git@github.com:rennerocha/pybr-2023-tutorial.git pybr2023-tutorial $ git clone https://github.com/rennerocha/pybr2023-tutorial.git tutorial
$ cd pybr2023-tutorial $ cd tutorial
$ python3 -m venv .venv $ python3 -m venv .venv
$ source .venv/bin/activate $ source .venv/bin/activate
$ cd code $ cd code
$ pip install -r requirements $ python -m pip install -r requirements
(...) Várias linhas instalando várias coisas (...) Várias linhas instalando bibliotecas...
$ scrapy version $ scrapy version
Scrapy 2.11.0 Scrapy 2.11.0
``` ```
https://github.com/rennerocha/pybr-2023-tutorial https://github.com/rennerocha/pybr2023-tutorial
--- ---
@ -230,20 +230,23 @@ Definem as regras de execução do seu raspador
# Spiders # Spiders
```python ```python
# code/ep2023.py # code/groups-scrapy.py
import scrapy import scrapy
class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "europython" name = "pythongroups"
start_urls = [ start_urls = [
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", "http://python.org.br",
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials",
] ]
def parse(self, response): def parse(self, response):
for session in response.css("h2 a::text").getall(): groups = response.css('.card')
yield {"title": session} for group in groups:
yield {
"name": group.css('h4::text').get(),
"links": group.css('a::attr(href)').getall(),
}
``` ```
--- ---
@ -251,20 +254,23 @@ class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider):
# Spiders # Spiders
```python ```python
# code/ep2023.py # code/groups-scrapy.py
import scrapy import scrapy
*class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): *class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "europython" name = "pythongroups"
start_urls = [ start_urls = [
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", "http://python.org.br",
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials",
] ]
def parse(self, response): def parse(self, response):
for session in response.css("h2 a::text").getall(): groups = response.css('.card')
yield {"title": session} for group in groups:
yield {
"name": group.css('h4::text').get(),
"links": group.css('a::attr(href)').getall(),
}
``` ```
--- ---
@ -272,20 +278,23 @@ import scrapy
# Spiders # Spiders
```python ```python
# code/ep2023.py # code/groups-scrapy.py
import scrapy import scrapy
class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
* name = "europython" * name = "pythongroups"
start_urls = [ start_urls = [
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", "http://python.org.br",
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials",
] ]
def parse(self, response): def parse(self, response):
for session in response.css("h2 a::text").getall(): groups = response.css('.card')
yield {"title": session} for group in groups:
yield {
"name": group.css('h4::text').get(),
"links": group.css('a::attr(href)').getall(),
}
``` ```
--- ---
@ -293,20 +302,23 @@ class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider):
# Spiders # Spiders
```python ```python
# code/ep2023.py # code/groups-scrapy.py
import scrapy import scrapy
class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "europython" name = "pythongroups"
* start_urls = [ * start_urls = [
* "https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", * "http://python.org.br",
* "https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials",
* ] * ]
def parse(self, response): def parse(self, response):
for session in response.css("h2 a::text").getall(): groups = response.css('.card')
yield {"title": session} for group in groups:
yield {
"name": group.css('h4::text').get(),
"links": group.css('a::attr(href)').getall(),
}
``` ```
--- ---
@ -314,23 +326,26 @@ class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider):
# Spiders # Spiders
```python ```python
# code/ep2023.py # code/groups-scrapy.py
import scrapy import scrapy
class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "europython" name = "pythongroups"
* def start_requests(self): * def start_requests(self):
* initial_urls = [ * initial_urls = [
* "https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", * "http://python.org.br",
* "https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials",
* ] * ]
* for url in initial_urls: * for url in initial_urls:
* yield scrapy.Request(url) * yield scrapy.Request(url)
def parse(self, response): def parse(self, response):
for session in response.css("h2 a::text").getall(): groups = response.css('.card')
yield {"title": session} for group in groups:
yield {
"name": group.css('h4::text').get(),
"links": group.css('a::attr(href)').getall(),
}
``` ```
--- ---
@ -338,107 +353,67 @@ class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider):
# Spiders # Spiders
```python ```python
# code/ep2023.py # code/groups-scrapy.py
import scrapy import scrapy
class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "europython" name = "pythongroups"
start_urls = [ start_urls = [
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", "http://python.org.br",
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials",
] ]
* def parse(self, response): * def parse(self, response):
* for session in response.css("h2 a::text").getall(): * groups = response.css('.card')
* yield {"title": session} * for group in groups:
* yield {
* "name": group.css('h4::text').get(),
* "links": group.css('a::attr(href)').getall(),
* }
``` ```
--- ---
class: center, middle class: center, middle
# Running the spider # Executando o Spider
--- ---
```bash
``` $ scrapy runspider groups-scrapy.py
$ scrapy runspider ep2023-scrapy.py 2023-10-23 20:10:47 [scrapy.utils.log] INFO: Scrapy 2.11.0 started (bot: scrapybot)
2023-06-28 20:26:47 [scrapy.utils.log] INFO: Scrapy 2.9.0 started (bot: scrapybot) 2023-10-23 20:10:47 [scrapy.utils.log] INFO: Versions: lxml 4.9.3.0, libxml2 2.10.3, cssselect 1.2.0, parsel 1.8.1, w3lib 2.1.2, Twisted 22.10.0, Python 3.10.10 (main, Feb 13 2023, 17:33:01) [GCC 11.3.0], pyOpenSSL 23.2.0 (OpenSSL 3.1.3 19 Sep 2023), cryptography 41.0.4, Platform Linux-5.15.0-87-generic-x86_64-with-glibc2.35
2023-06-28 20:26:47 [scrapy.utils.log] INFO: Versions: lxml 4.9.2.0, libxml2 2.9.14, cssselect 1.2.0, parsel 1.8.1, w3lib 2.1.1, Twisted 22.10.0, Python 3.11.3 (main, May 30 2023, 17:18:52) [GCC 11.3.0], pyOpenSSL 23.2.0 (OpenSSL 3.1.1 30 May 2023), cryptography 41.0.1, Platform Linux-5.15.0-75-generic-x86_64-with-glibc2.35 2023-10-23 20:10:47 [scrapy.addons] INFO: Enabled addons:
2023-06-28 20:26:47 [scrapy.crawler] INFO: Overridden settings: []
{'HTTPCACHE_ENABLED': '0', 'SPIDER_LOADER_WARN_ONLY': True}
(...) (...)
2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Spider opened 2023-10-23 20:10:47 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Spider opened
2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.extensions.logstats] INFO: Crawled 0 pages (at 0 pages/min), scraped 0 items (at 0 items/min) 2023-10-23 20:10:47 [scrapy.extensions.logstats] INFO: Crawled 0 pages (at 0 pages/min), scraped 0 items (at 0 items/min)
2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.extensions.telnet] INFO: Telnet console listening on 127.0.0.1:6023 2023-10-23 20:10:47 [scrapy.extensions.telnet] INFO: Telnet console listening on 127.0.0.1:6023
2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.core.engine] DEBUG: Crawled (200) <GET https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions> (referer: None) 2023-10-23 20:37:01 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 http://python.org.br>
2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.core.engine] DEBUG: Crawled (200) <GET https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials> (referer: None) {'name': 'PythonOnRio', 'links': ['http://pythonrio.python.org.br/', 'https://www.facebook.com/pythonrio', 'https://t.me/PythonRio', 'https://twitter.com/pythonrio', 'https://br.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/pythonrio/info']}
2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions> 2023-10-23 20:37:01 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 http://python.org.br>
{'title': 'The CPU in your browser: WebAssembly demystified'} {'name': 'PyTche', 'links': ['http://www.meetup.com/pt/PyTche/', 'https://telegram.me/pytche']}
2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions> 2023-10-23 20:37:01 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 http://python.org.br>
{'title': 'GraphQL as an umbrella for microservices'} {'name': 'GruPy-GO', 'links': ['https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/grupy-go', 'https://t.me/grupygo', 'https://github.com/Grupy-GO', 'https://www.facebook.com/groups/grupygo/']}
2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials>
{'title': 'Food For Rabbits: Celery From Zero to Hero'}
2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions>
{'title': 'Asyncio without Asyncio'}
2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials>
{'title': 'Develop your Python cloud applications offline with LocalStack'}
(...) (...)
2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Closing spider (finished) 2023-10-23 20:10:47 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Closing spider (finished)
2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.statscollectors] INFO: Dumping Scrapy stats: 2023-10-23 20:10:47 [scrapy.statscollectors] INFO: Dumping Scrapy stats:
2023-06-28 20:26:48 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Spider closed (finished) 2023-10-23 20:10:47 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Spider closed (finished)
```
---
```
$ scrapy runspider ep2023-scrapy.py -s HTTPCACHE_ENABLED=1
2023-06-28 20:30:15 [scrapy.utils.log] INFO: Scrapy 2.9.0 started (bot: scrapybot)
2023-06-28 20:30:15 [scrapy.utils.log] INFO: Versions: lxml 4.9.2.0, libxml2 2.9.14, cssselect 1.2.0, parsel 1.8.1, w3lib 2.1.1, Twisted 22.10.0, Python 3.11.3 (main, May 30 2023, 17:18:52) [GCC 11.3.0], pyOpenSSL 23.2.0 (OpenSSL 3.1.1 30 May 2023), cryptography 41.0.1, Platform Linux-5.15.0-75-generic-x86_64-with-glibc2.35
2023-06-28 20:30:15 [scrapy.crawler] INFO: Overridden settings:
{'HTTPCACHE_ENABLED': '1', 'SPIDER_LOADER_WARN_ONLY': True}
(...)
2023-06-28 20:30:16 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Spider opened
2023-06-28 20:30:16 [scrapy.extensions.logstats] INFO: Crawled 0 pages (at 0 pages/min), scraped 0 items (at 0 items/min)
2023-06-28 20:30:16 [scrapy.extensions.httpcache] DEBUG: Using filesystem cache storage in .scrapy/httpcache
2023-06-28 20:30:16 [scrapy.extensions.telnet] INFO: Telnet console listening on 127.0.0.1:6023
2023-06-28 20:30:16 [scrapy.core.engine] DEBUG: Crawled (200) <GET https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions> (referer: None) ['cached']
2023-06-28 20:30:16 [scrapy.core.engine] DEBUG: Crawled (200) <GET https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials> (referer: None) ['cached']
2023-06-28 20:30:16 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions>
{'title': 'The CPU in your browser: WebAssembly demystified'}
2023-06-28 20:30:16 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions>
{'title': 'Writing a Python interpreter from scratch, in half an hour.'}
2023-06-28 20:30:16 [scrapy.core.scraper] DEBUG: Scraped from <200 https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions>
{'title': 'Rust for Python data engineers'}
(...)
```
```
$ ls -la .scrapy
total 12
drwxrwxr-x 3 renne renne 4096 jun 28 20:25 .
drwxrwxr-x 4 renne renne 4096 jun 28 20:25 ..
drwxrwxr-x 3 renne renne 4096 jun 28 20:25 httpcache
``` ```
--- ---
class: center, middle class: center, middle
# Parsing Data # Extraindo Dados
--- ---
# CSS Selectors # Seletores CSS
### https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/selector.html ### https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/selector.html
# XPath # XPath
@ -446,116 +421,159 @@ class: center, middle
--- ---
# Parsing Data # Extraindo Dados
``` ```
# code/parsing-data-css.py # code/parsing-css.py
import scrapy import scrapy
class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "europython" name = "pythongroups"
start_urls = [ start_urls = [
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", "http://python.org.br",
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials",
] ]
def parse(self, response): def parse(self, response):
sessions = response.css(".mt-12") groups = response.css('.card')
for session in sessions: for group in groups:
yield { yield {
"title": session.css("h2 a::text").get(), "name": group.css('h4::text').get(),
"presenter": session.css("p a::text").get(), "links": group.css('a::attr(href)').getall(),
} }
``` ```
--- ---
# Parsing Data # Extraindo Dados
``` ```
# code/parsing-data-css.py # code/parsing-css.py
import scrapy import scrapy
class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "europython" name = "pythongroups"
start_urls = [ start_urls = [
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", "http://python.org.br",
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials",
] ]
def parse(self, response): def parse(self, response):
* sessions = response.css(".mt-12") * groups = response.css('.card')
for session in sessions: for group in groups:
yield { yield {
* "title": session.css("h2 a::text").get(), * "name": group.css('h4::text').get(),
* "presenter": session.css("p a::text").get(), * "links": group.css('a::attr(href)').getall(),
} }
``` ```
### CSS Selectors
--- ---
# Parsing Data # Extraindo Dados
``` ```
# code/parsing-data-xpath.py # code/parsing-xpath.py
import scrapy import scrapy
class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "europython" name = "pythongroups"
start_urls = [ start_urls = [
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", "http://python.org.br",
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials",
] ]
def parse(self, response): def parse(self, response):
* sessions = response.xpath("//div[contains(@class, 'mt-12')]") groups = response.xpath('//div[contains(@class, "card")]')
for session in sessions: for group in groups:
yield { yield {
* "title": session.xpath("./h2/a/text()").get(), "name": group.xpath('.//h4/text()').get(),
* "presenter": session.xpath("./p/a/text()").get(), "links": group.xpath('.//a/@href').getall(),
} }
``` ```
### XPath
--- ---
# Parsing Data
# Extraindo Dados
``` ```
# code/parsing-data-mixed.py # code/parsing-xpath.py
import scrapy import scrapy
class EuroPython2023Spider(scrapy.Spider): class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "europython" name = "pythongroups"
start_urls = [ start_urls = [
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/sessions", "http://python.org.br",
"https://ep2023.europython.eu/tutorials",
] ]
def parse(self, response): def parse(self, response):
* sessions = response.css(".mt-12") * groups = response.xpath('//div[contains(@class, "card")]')
for session in sessions: for group in groups:
yield { yield {
* "title": session.xpath("./h2/a/text()").get(), * "name": group.xpath('.//h4/text()').get(),
* "presenter": session.xpath("./p/a/text()").get(), * "links": group.xpath('.//a/@href').getall(),
} }
``` ```
### You are not limited to just one kind of selector ---
# Extraindo Dados
```
# code/parsing-mix.py
import scrapy
class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "pythongroups"
start_urls = [
"http://python.org.br",
]
def parse(self, response):
groups = response.css('.card')
for group in groups:
yield {
"name": group.xpath('.//h4/text()').get(),
"links": group.xpath('.//a/@href').getall(),
}
```
--- ---
# CSS Selectors Examples # Extraindo Dados
```
# code/parsing-mix.py
import scrapy
class PythonGroupsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "pythongroups"
start_urls = [
"http://python.org.br",
]
def parse(self, response):
* groups = response.css('.card')
for group in groups:
yield {
* "name": group.xpath('.//h4/text()').get(),
* "links": group.xpath('.//a/@href').getall(),
}
```
## Você pode usar vários tipos de seletores
---
# Exemplos de seletores CSS
``` ```
response.css("h1") response.css("h1")
@ -583,7 +601,7 @@ response.css("ul#offers .product p::text")
--- ---
# XPath Examples # Exemplos de XPath
``` ```
response.xpath("//h1") response.xpath("//h1")
@ -610,46 +628,48 @@ response.xpath("//li[@class='ad']/following-sibling::li")
``` ```
--- ---
# Exporting Results # Exportando os Resultados
``` ```
$ scrapy runspider ep2023-scrapy.py $ scrapy runspider groups-scrapy.py
```
---
# Exportando os Resultados
```
$ scrapy runspider groups-scrapy.py
```
```
$ scrapy runspider groups-scrapy.py -o results.csv
``` ```
--- ---
# Exporting Results # Exportando os Resultados
``` ```
$ scrapy runspider ep2023-scrapy.py $ scrapy runspider groups-scrapy.py
``` ```
``` ```
$ scrapy runspider ep2023-scrapy.py -o results.csv $ scrapy runspider groups-scrapy.py -o results.csv
```
---
# Exporting Results
```
$ scrapy runspider ep2023-scrapy.py
``` ```
``` ```
$ scrapy runspider ep2023-scrapy.py -o results.csv $ scrapy runspider groups-scrapy.py -o results.json
``` ```
``` ```
$ scrapy runspider ep2023-scrapy.py -o results.json $ scrapy runspider groups-scrapy.py -o results.jl
``` ```
``` ```
$ scrapy runspider ep2023-scrapy.py -o results.jl $ scrapy runspider groups-scrapy.py -o results.xml
``` ```
``` ### Você pode exportar em um formato customizado se você preferir...
$ scrapy runspider ep2023-scrapy.py -o results.xml
```
### You can export in your own custom format if you like...
https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/feed-exports.html#topics-feed-exports https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/feed-exports.html#topics-feed-exports
@ -661,20 +681,22 @@ class: center, middle
--- ---
class: center, middle class: center, middle
We will use http://toscrape.com/, a sandbox containing fictional websites
with a simplified version of real world challenges we find during web scraping tasks. Nos próximos exercícios utilizaremos o conteúdo de http://toscrape.com/, que é um playground
com diversos desafios simplificados de problemas encontrados no mundo real para projetos
de raspagem de dados.
--- ---
# Exercise 1 # Exercício 1
**Target:** https://quotes.toscrape.com/ **Alvo:** https://quotes.toscrape.com/
On this page, you will find a collection of quotes along with their respective authors. Nesta página, você irá encontrar uma coleção de citações junto com os seus respectivos
Each quote is accompanied by a link that directs you to a dedicated page providing autores. Cada citação é acompanhada por um link que redirecion você a uma página dedicada
additional details about the author, the quote itself, and a list of associated tags. fornecendo detalhes adicionais do autor, a ciração e uma lista de tags associados.
Your task is to extract all of this information and export it into a JSON lines file. Sua tarefa é extrair todas essas informações e exportá-la em um arquivo JSON.
--- ---
<img class="fragment" src="images/exercise-1-page.png" width="100%"> <img class="fragment" src="images/exercise-1-page.png" width="100%">
@ -683,20 +705,20 @@ Your task is to extract all of this information and export it into a JSON lines
<img class="fragment" src="images/exercise-1-sc.png" width="100%"> <img class="fragment" src="images/exercise-1-sc.png" width="100%">
--- ---
# Exercise 1 # Exercício 1
**Target:** https://quotes.toscrape.com/ **Alvo:** https://quotes.toscrape.com/
On this page, you will find a collection of quotes along with their respective authors. Nesta página, você irá encontrar uma coleção de citações junto com os seus respectivos
Each quote is accompanied by a link that directs you to a dedicated page providing autores. Cada citação é acompanhada por um link que redirecion você a uma página dedicada
additional details about the author, the quote itself, and a list of associated tags. fornecendo detalhes adicionais do autor, a ciração e uma lista de tags associados.
Your task is to extract all of this information and export it into a JSON lines file. Sua tarefa é extrair todas essas informações e exportá-la em um arquivo JSON.
**TIP**: your parse method can be used to yield items or schedule new requests for later processing. **TIP**: seu método `parse` pode retornar items ou agendar novo requests para processamento futuro
``` ```
# if callback is not provided, the default is self.parse # se o `callback` não é fornecido, o padrão é o método `parse`
scrapy.Request("https://someurl.com", callback=self.parse_someurl) scrapy.Request("https://someurl.com", callback=self.parse_someurl)
``` ```
--- ---
@ -925,23 +947,22 @@ class QuotesSpider(scrapy.Spider):
``` ```
--- ---
# Exercise 2 # Exercício 2
**Target:** https://quotes.toscrape.com/scroll **Alvo:** https://quotes.toscrape.com/scroll
There has been another modification to the layout. Our quotes page now features an infinite Houve uma modificação no layout do site anterior. Agora, nossas citações aparecem em um
scroll functionality, meaning that new content is dynamically loaded as you reach the bottom of the page. scroll infinito. O que significa que o novo conteúdo é carregado dinamicamente quando você
atinge a parte inferior da página.
**TIP**: To understand this behavior, open your browser and access our target page. Press **F12** to **DICA**: Para compreender esse comportamento, abra o seu navegador e acesse nossa página alvo.
open the developer tools and select the "_Network_" tab. Observe what occurs in the network requests Em seguida pressione **F12** para abrir as ferramentas de desenvolvimento e seleciona a aba
when you navigate to the end of the page. "_Network_". Observe o que acontece nos requests quando vocÇe navega para o fim da página.
--- ---
<img class="fragment" src="images/exercise-2-scroll.gif" width="100%"> <img class="fragment" src="images/exercise-2-scroll.gif" width="100%">
--- ---
<img class="fragment" src="images/exercise-2-network.png" width="100%"> <img class="fragment" src="images/exercise-2-network.png" width="100%">
@ -1132,15 +1153,15 @@ class QuotesScrollSpider(scrapy.Spider):
--- ---
# Exercise 3 # Excercício 3
**Target:** https://quotes.toscrape.com/js/ **Alvo:** https://quotes.toscrape.com/js/
The spider you created in the first exercise has ceased to function. Although no errors O spider que você criou no primeiro exercício parou de funcionar. Embora não apareça
are evident in the logs, the spider is not returning any data. nenhum erro nos logs, nenhum dado está sendo retornado.
**TIP**: To troubleshoot, open your browser and navigate to our target page. **DICA**: iPara iniciar a investigação do problema, abra o seu navegador na página alvo.
Press **Ctrl+U** (_View Page Source_) to inspect the HTML content of the page. Pressione **Ctrl+U** (_Ver código fonte_) para inspecionar o HTML da página.
--- ---
@ -1305,14 +1326,15 @@ class QuotesJSSpider(scrapy.Spider):
--- ---
# Exercise 4 # Exercício 4
**Target:** http://quotes.toscrape.com/search.aspx **Alvo:** http://quotes.toscrape.com/search.aspx
This site is a bit different. We have two select boxes where we choose one Este site é um pouco diferente. Nós temos duas caixas de seleção onde escolhemos
author, and then we can choose one tag that has a quote associate with them. um autor, e então podemos selecionar uma tag que esteja associado com uma citação
do autor selecionado.
**TIP**: `scrapy.FormRequest` can be used for dealing with HTML forms. **DICA**: `scrapy.FormRequest` pode ser usado para lidar com formulários HTML.
``` ```
scrapy.FormRequest("https://someurl.com", formdata={"form_data": "value"}) scrapy.FormRequest("https://someurl.com", formdata={"form_data": "value"})
@ -1597,46 +1619,47 @@ class QuotesViewStateSpider(scrapy.Spider):
``` ```
--- ---
# Monitoring # Monitorando
- We need to ensure that we are extracting the data we need, so monitoring the execution of your spiders is crucial - Precisamos garantir que estamos extraíndo os dados que precisamos, então monitorar a execução dos seus spiders é crucial
- Spidermon is a Scrapy extension that helps us to **monitor** our spiders and take **actions** based on the results of the execution of them - Spidermon é uma extensão do Scrapy que te ajuda a **monitorar** nossos spiders e tomar **ações** baseadas nos resultados
- https://spidermon.readthedocs.io/ - https://spidermon.readthedocs.io/
--- ---
class: center, middle class: center, middle
# Beyond the spiders
# Além dos Spiders
--- ---
# Proxies # Proxies
- Avoid IP bans and anti-bot services - Evitam que seu IP seja banido e serviços anti-bot
- Large scale scraping - Utilizados em raspagens de larga escala
- Access region-specific content - Acesso a conteúdo limitado regionalmente
- Datacenter vs residential vs mobile proxies - Datacenter vs residential vs mobile proxies
- Easily integrated with Scrapy using extensions - Facilmente integrago com Scrapy com o use de extensões
--- ---
# Headless browsers # Navegadores Headless
- Primarily for accessing websites that heavily rely on Javascript-rendered content using frameworks like React, Vue, and Angular - Usados principalmente em páginas que dependem pesadamente de conteúdo renderizado com Javascript usando frameworks como React, Vue e Angular
- Since it utilizes a real browser (even if it doesn't render the UI), web crawlers using headless browsers are typically slower and challenging to scale - Como utilizam um navegador real (mesmo que não tenham um interface gráfica visível), raspadores utilizando navegadores headless geralmente são mais lentos e complicados de escalar
- Existing solutions are often designed for automated testing rather than web scraping - As soluções existentes são desenvolvidas normalmente para testes automatizados e não para raspagem de dados
--- ---
# Headless browsers # Navegadores Headless
- **Selenium** (https://www.selenium.dev/) - **Selenium** (https://www.selenium.dev/)
@ -1700,15 +1723,16 @@ class QuotesPlaywrightSpider(scrapy.Spider):
--- ---
# What else you should worry? # O que mais você precisa se preocupar?
- Be polite, don't scrape to fast that interfire in the target website operation
- Follow the terms of service of the website - Seja educado. Não raspe tão rápido a ponto de interferir na operação do seu site alvo
- Be careful when scraping personal data - Siga os termos de serviço da página
- Is it legal? - Seja cuidadoso ao raspar dados pessoais
- É ilegal?
--- ---